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Nonlinear seismic soil–pile–structure interactions:
Shaking table tests and FEM analyses
K.T. Chau a,, C.Y. Shen b, X. Guo c
a Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
b Earthquake Engineering Research Test Center, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
c Institute of Engineering Mechanics, Harbin, China
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 7 November 2007
Received in revised form
15 February 2008
Accepted 26 February 2008
Keywords:
Soil–pile–structure interaction
Shake table
Finite element analyses
a b s t r a c t
In this paper, a soil–pile–structure model is tested on a shaking table subject to both a sinusoidal wave
and the acceleration time history of the scaled 1940 El Centro earthquake. A medium-size river sand is
compacted into a 1.7-m-high laminar rectangular tank to form a loose fill with a relative density of 15%.
A single-storey steel structure of 2.54 ton is placed on a concrete pile cap, which is connected to the four
end-bearing piles. A very distinct pounding phenomenon between soil and pile is observed; and, the
acceleration response of the pile cap can be three times larger than that of the structural response. The
pounding is due to the development of a gap separation between soil and pile, and the extraordinary
large inertia force suffered at the top of the pile also induces cracking in the pile. To explain this
observed phenomenon, nonlinear finite element method (FEM) analyses with a nonlinear gap element
have been carried out. The spikes in the acceleration response of the pile cap caused by pounding can be
modeled adequately by the FEM analyses. The present results suggest that one of the probable causes of
pile damages is due to seismic pounding between the laterally compressed soil and the pile near the pile
cap level.
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