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Base on my experience of existing building evaluation and retrofit in USA consulting firm, the prevailing standards being used are FEMA and ASCE 41-13.
If you have a chance to look into the ASCE 41-13, you'll find excessively conservative assumption was made and the seismic effects are amplified to assumed every single component are failing after a major earthquake. After that, "m" factors are allowed to be applied to amplify the strength capacity of components or actions controlled by deformation. Stiffness may also be required per LFRS types and site classifications. |
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